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There are two elements of perception of a photograph: the photograph's studium and punctum. The studium is a viewer's appreciation of a photograph, or the believabilty of a photograph to a viewer, because of the viewer's cultural milieu. The punctum is a viewer's personal, private perception of a photograph. The punctum, Latin for traumatic puncture wound, is a penetration through the studium, a tear in the studium, that the viewer brings about because of personal predilections. Barthes concludes that punctum in perception of a photograph renders the photograph a temporal hallucination.
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